This study will help managers to reduce the impact of the bullwhip effect. E-Mail: mahmoodk gmail. Almost all its nature as the data is always available in the competing brands have more or less the similar form of statistical periodic releases of sales, features so companies can now compete on their production, and inventory of finished vehicles by supply chain networks.
Firms that are looking to professional associations. With the help of these satisfy customer needs through their brands have valid data, it will help the author to develop a an option to source material and deliver the reliable and significant study that will help to manufactured product i-e Supply chain check the Cachon and Olivares management.
The more this chain will be efficient, consideration that previous studies on automotive the more customers will be delight. So, customer industry paid less attention to the management of satisfaction is becoming the most crucial part of finished goods inventory from manufacturers strategy in almost all kind of organizations and through dealers to the consumers. Sometimes, Pakistan. As discussed by company officials due to the number of reasons Geary, Disney, and Towill the very which may include demand forecasting, order phenomenon of bullwhip effect can easily be batching, lead time, rationing game, price tracked in the beginning of 20th century, e.
Around the Mitchell, Forrester study of bullwhip globe companies are striving to streamline and effect is considered the first within several structure the activities of supply chains and trying conducted studies on bullwhip effect in which he to make them cost effective. According to Lee et al. They described four major factors and inventory carrying to deal with such that contribute to the bullwhip effect which are uncertainties have been suggested.
In the study of demand signal processing, order batching, and the the relationship of inventory behavior and rationing game and price variations. Further ten demand, Blanchard concluded that the common reasons for the existence of the bullwhip attribute of the demand process are directly effect are identified by McCullen and Towill responsible for the inventory behavior and which are ignorance, arrogance, negligence, stabilizing or destabilizing.
Whereas, Kahn indifference, transference, acceptance, concluded differently that only smoothing the despondence, decadence, intolerance, and production might not work as a solution although avoidance. Geary et al. Along uncertainty of demand. The work of Kahn with this, several other studies were also conduct consideration is actually describe the phenomenon with different perspectives which are the impacts of bullwhip effect which was discussed by of the number of echelon, the value of sharing Mahmood et al.
Moreover, importance of this phenomenon in the field of simulations and behavior experiments were supply chain management research. Whang b discussed the bullwhip effect as a Cachon et al. However, their data is exaggerate the upstream in an amplified form.
Furthermore, Chiang, investigated influence of inventory behavior. Many firms have reported the existence of the bullwhip effect In this research a special focus is been given to the in the supply chain, e. Not only at the Towill, , etc. In addition to the reports of national level, Automobile sector is remained an actual cases, studies at the industry level have also important area of research around the globe confirmed the existence of the bullwhip effect because of its contribution to the economy.
However, there were a number of studies have been done in another stream considered that the problem of the this regard to satisfy the industrial need but still bullwhip effect does not exist or has been there is a dearth of research in this area and controlled in the supply chain.
For example, bullwhip effect is a serious issue that needs to be Cachon et al. Another effect existed in distribution industries only, not in reason of working in this field is the characteristics retailers or in manufacturers.
Dooley, Yan, Mohan, of this industry as it contain huge research and and Gopalakrishnan provided a similar development along with innovation and creativity conclusion in their study to investigate the in product design and manufacturing technology. Since, seen on supply side whereas fierce competition, bullwhip effect causes increased uncertainty for frequent promotion, short product life cycle and managers and leads to increased cost and reduced clear seasonality causes huge demand-oriented inventory management performance Metters, uncertainties.
In the next the existence of the bullwhip effect broader to the segment, and extensive literature review on the industry level and a model of work is missing that concept of bullwhip effect is been made in which can be applied by almost every company of the its nature, industrial locations where it popped up industry even though the problem has been and suggested solutions by different researchers is reported for a long time. In the supply chain discussed. Third segment will explain the management discipline, following Lee et al.
This study explained the reason economies. Breaking the order batches, use of of this issue as lack of information. Another important misinterpretation of the information obtained from aspect of reducing bullwhip effect through the downstream members of the chain.
Another batching is information sharing which is discussed significant contribution was made by Lee et al. They identified the reasons of this Concept of bullwhip effect in industry is not a new phenomenon that includes demand signal and unique phenomenon.
It is identified in processing Forrester, , order batching industry in various scenarios and in different Burbidge, , price variations Butman, companies and is termed as bullwhip, whipsaw or and rationing and shortage gaming Houlihan, whiplash etc. Much of the work pertaining to bullwhip researchers have identified this phenomenon like effect is carried out by quantifying this effect McCullen and Towill presented a case study through different econometric, statistical and on precision mechanical engineering sector by mathematical model like EOQ, Auto regressive discussing the case of Glosuch, a UK based firm, Yule, , , Moving Average Slutzky, that highlights the bullwhip effect.
He high because of orders variability. The issue of demand signal processing was A lot of remedies were suggested by researchers suggested to resolve through feedback theory that based on their studies to control bullwhip effect. In explains the decisions, predictions and delays can this regard, Forrester suggested reducing produce good control over operations. For the clerical delays of deliveries and removal of issue of order batching, compressed lead times distributor sector as the company may get able to were suggested.
Rationing and gaming or the take more appropriate actions independently. Similarly, Blackburn, also suggested Houlihan effect may decrease through VMI that compressing the time delays that may ultimately can be observed through different forms like quick help to reduce forecast errors. Naish , an response QR , synchronized consumer response economist, also noted the variance of production SCR , rapid replenishment RR , collaborative planning, forecasting, replenishment CPFR and and sales data and suggested that the effect may centralized inventory management.
Nienhaus, disappear if demand shock is known well before Ziegenbein, and Schoensleben discussed the the decision making on price and products. Lee et contributors of bullwhip effect identified by Lee et al. The possible solutions for all factors were also given by them. Order batching countermeasures can be developed to help the Burbidge Effect may be controlled with the help firms. There are a lot of reasons that are identified of Electronic Data Interchange EDI to reduce through literature but what factors are applicable ordering costs and third party logistics services.
For example, in prices and reducing discounts including both sales Pakistan, companies do not have the proper promotions and trade promotions. Rationing and supply chain department but the activities are shortage gaming can be handled by depending on managed informally by various departments as the the rationing methods based on historical sales investors do not believe on having specialized and data rather depending upon the current orders knowledgeable workforce.
So within this scenario, placed by customers or downstream members of a qualitative approach is used suggested by the supply chain. How activities of supply chain McCullen and Towill suggested four are managed? How many and which departments material flow principles to reduce bullwhip effect are involved in this process? How these issues can be managed. In this study, semi-structured number of questions about their personal interviews were selected suggested by Bryman understanding about supply chain management, and Bell to get a deeper understanding of departments involved in supply chain the bullwhip effect in Pakistani automobile management bullwhip effect, various factors industry specifically in the case of bike contributing to bullwhip effect and specific issues manufacturing.
An interview guide was prepared in the context of Pakistan. These interviews were that was based upon literature review and further conducted in Urdu language considering the questions were altered during interviews. From the category of non-probability sampling, a Translated transcriptions were sent to the purposive sampling technique Marshall, is interviewees to cross check and confirm their used in this study which is further supported by responses and in the case of addition and deletion snowball effect Patton, This was done to 1.
Interviewee should have minimum two years of address the issue of credibility and trustworthiness industry experience of the data. Experience of interviewee maybe of other department that is linked within supply chain of the firm Data analysis was conducted by using thematic 4. Thematic analysis helped in 5. Half of the sample should belong to the departments organizing the interview data in a systematic way that are linked to supply chain of the firm after the to develop themes and appropriate categories in development of finished items order to structure and interpret the data Attride- Total nine interviews were conducted after the Stirling, The bullwhip effect is analyzed selection of sample.
Out of total sample, four with the theoretical lens of control theory and interviews were conducted from the executives of various factors contributing to the bullwhip effect sales and marketing department whereas are discussed along with remedies considering the remaining interviews were conducted from the situation of Pakistan in social, economic and legal production and procurement department officials.
All of This section entails the major findings of them also signed a consent form to participate in interviews conducted with various practitioners of study on volunteer basis. All rules, data utilization, automobile industry within the coordinating confidentiality of data and nature of participation departments of supply chain management. First of were briefed well to the participants.
Table 01 shows the demographic details of As the main objective of these interviews was to participants of this research. So the study more participants from the total sample belong to reflects the situation of medium sized companies. So a blend of departments was taken used by logistics professionals - encompasses and the departments that contribute in the supply every effort involved in producing and delivering chain of the firm were selected to have a more a final product, from the supplier's supplier to the comprehensive view.
Here another point is customer's customer. Four basic processes - plan, important to note that some of the participants source, make, deliver - broadly define these efforts, were performing diverse and multiple jobs at a which include managing supply and demand, single designation as G.
M Plant and G. M sourcing raw materials and parts, manufacturing Production is usually assumed to look after the and assembly, warehousing and inventory procurement and finance issues as well. It can be observed that the the raw materials stage through to the end user. Moreover, inventory management, transportation, Income groups were identified in which warehousing, and customer service.
Importantly, it participants were falling to understand that what also embodies the information systems so compensation they are getting against their necessary to monitor all of those activities. It is quite clear that majority of concept of supply chain management. Along with each of participants out of total sample. Similarly majority of the participants When it comes to the Pakistani sector where have an international exposure either in working practitioners have to implement the idea of supply some other country are attending trainings abroad.
In Pakistan basically system important. If you have technology you get all the is this that first of all company demand is forecasted negatives and positives. Today in automobile sector than look for the manufacturer who is best than select there are problems in auto rickshaws and motor bikes that one than company give them order of raw material created by vendors most of the time.
Vendors have quarterly, bi-annually or annually. The need of supply chain process does not get disturb. This is the only system management is again emphasized but what which is right now in Pakistan except this there is no actually it is and how the process should go on is other system.
Based on the Rajagobala Ayyangar Committee report, a Bill In , International Copyright Act was passed resulting in was introduced in the year and the bill was passed in the Lok the framing of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary Sabha but it lapsed in the Rajya Sabha and once again lapsed in and artistic works. But it the International Trade Marks Protection laws and introduced the was reintroduced in and passed in ; the draft rules were concept of a well known mark.
Special unions and arrangements incorporated in Patent Act and passed in the year Madrid agreement is one special arrangement that was The following steps are being suggested with particular created to standardize the trademarks.
Madrid agreement embodies reference to the situation in India regarding IPR in the national the fundamental principles outlined in the Paris Convention. As technology explores newer dimensions and uncharted In the World Intellectual Property Organization was paths in the coming decades, IPR will assume conducive forms created. It governs the Paris and Berne Convention. In World to encourage innovation and knowledge sharing in a iercely Intellectual Property Organization WIPO was established by competitive network.
The interlaced issues in IPR such as these conventions. Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The creation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and l Biotechnological inventions and moral issues and patents.
Development was based on the concerns of developing countries l Compulsory licensing options, border measures and parallel over the international market, multi-national corporations, and imports and exhaustion of IPR. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in in order to provide a forum where the developing Importance of IPR in Developing Countries11 countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic There has been at times considerable debate on the impact development.
Developing countries went along with the TRIPS agreement for a When world trade began to expand dramatically in the s, variety of reasons, ranging from the hope of additional access to national governments began to realize the need for a global set of agricultural and apparel markets in rich nations, to an expectation standards and rules to harmonize national and regional regulations, that stronger IPR would encourage additional technology transfer which until then governed.
The United Nations Commission on and innovation. There are reasons to believe that the harmonization and uniication of international trade law6.
The importance of intellectual property in India is well On the domestic level, growth is spurred by higher level of established at all levels- statutory, administrative and judicial. India innovations although this result tends to be fairly insigniicant until ratiied the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization countries move into the middle income bracket.
It also notes that WTO. It lays down the minimum under varying degrees of IPR protection. There are certainly short standards for protection and enforcement of intellectual property term costs for poor countries from stronger IPRs, like higher prices rights in member countries which are required to promote effective for technology and protected products. Impact of stronger IPR in developing The obligations under the TRIPS Agreement relate to provision of countries minimum standards of protection within the member countries legal systems and practices.
The IPR scene in India has undergone a Society reaps the following four beneits from granting such dramatic change since with the creation of various tools of monopoly rights to innovations: Intellectual Property7,8. IPR is already a part of the strategic options in the knowledge industry9. In order to ensure sustained growth, enhanced proits and l The greater dissemination of new knowledge to other agents.
Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two Strongly inter-knitted societal, moral and ethical issues are main areas: Pharma Times - Vol. Copyright and rights related to copyright property rights for the invention for which patent have been granted, which may be extremely valuable to an individual or a company.
The rights of authors of literary and artistic works such as books Patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without and other writings, musical compositions, paintings, sculpture, discrimination as to the place of invention, the ield of technology computer programs and ilms are protected by copyright, for a and whether products are imported or locally produced. There was e. The main social Designs Act to the new regime which introduced restrictive purpose of protection of copyright and related rights is to encourage changes related to patenting of inventions especially in the areas and reward creative work.
The granting of patents for inventions claiming substances intended 2. Industrial Property for use or capable of being used as, food, medicine or drug or all Industrial property is divided into two main areas. Copyright attributable to its geographical origin. The copy right ensures that computer programs will be protected The protection of such distinctive signs aims to stimulate and as literary works under the Berne Convention and outlines how ensure fair competition and to protect consumers, by enabling them databases should be protected.
It also expands international to make informed choices between various goods and services. Authors of computer The protection may last indeinitely, provided the sign in question programs and procedures of sound recordings must have the right continues to be distinctive.
A similar exclusive right applies to ilms where commercial rental has Other types of industrial property are protected primarily to led to widespread copyright, affecting copyright-owners potential stimulate innovation, design and the creation of technology. In this earnings from their ilms. The performers must also have the right category the inventions are protected in the aspects like patents, to prevent unauthorized recording, reproduction and broadcast industrial designs and trade secrets.
Producers of sound recordings must have the right to prevent the unauthorized The social purpose is to provide protection for the results of reproduction of recordings for a period of 50 years. A functioning intellectual property regime should also as amended by Copyright Amendment Act, , fully facilitate the transfer of technology in the form of foreign direct relects the Berne Convention on Copyrights, to which India is a investment, joint ventures and licensing.
The protection is usually party. The Indian defence se Micro, small and medium enterprises MSMEs are consider The Indian aviation sector i India emerging as global hub of Horticulture and Floriculture Horticulture deals with cultivation of garden crops, fruits and vegi The Govern Enjoy FREE subscriptions downloads, updates and more.
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